Read the Following Passage From Edgar Allan Poe's "Annabel Lee":

American writer and literary critic (1809–1849)

Edgar Allan Poe
1849 "Annie" daguerreotype of Poe
Born	Edgar Poe (1809-01-nineteen)January xix, 1809 Boston, Massachusetts, U.South.
Died	October 7, 1849(1849-10-07) (anile 40) Baltimore, Maryland, U.South.
Alma mater	University of Virginia United States Military Academy
Spouse	Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe (m. 1836; died 1847)
Signature

Edgar Allan Poe (; built-in Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and curt stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is widely regarded as a cardinal figure of Romanticism in the United States, and of American literature. Poe was one of the country's earliest practitioners of the brusque story, and considered to be the inventor of the detective fiction genre, too every bit a significant contributor to the emerging genre of science fiction.^[1] Poe was the commencement well-known American writer to earn a living through writing alone, resulting in a financially difficult life and career.^[ii]

Poe was born in Boston, the second child of actors David and Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[iii] His father abandoned the family in 1810, and when his mother died the following year, Poe was taken in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, but he was with them well into young adulthood. He attended the University of Virginia but left after a year due to lack of coin. He quarreled with Allan over the funds for his teaching, and his gambling debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Army nether an assumed proper name, he published his kickoff collection Tamerlane and Other Poems, credited only to "a Bostonian". Poe and Allan reached a temporary rapprochement after the death of Allan's wife in 1829. Poe later failed as an officeholder cadet at W Signal, declared a firm wish to be a poet and writer, and parted ways with Allan.

Poe switched his focus to prose and spent the next several years working for literary journals and periodicals, condign known for his own style of literary criticism. His piece of work forced him to move amid several cities, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York Urban center. In 1836, he married his 13-year-sometime cousin, Virginia Clemm, only she died of tuberculosis in 1847. In January 1845, Poe published his poem "The Raven" to instant success. He planned for years to produce his own periodical The Penn (subsequently renamed The Stylus), but before it could be produced, he died in Baltimore on October 7, 1849, at age 40, under mysterious circumstances. The cause of his expiry remains unknown, and has been variously attributed to many causes including affliction, alcoholism, substance abuse, and suicide.^[4]

Poe and his works influenced literature around the globe, as well equally specialized fields such every bit cosmology and cryptography. He and his work appear throughout pop culture in literature, music, films, and idiot box. A number of his homes are dedicated museums today. The Mystery Writers of America nowadays an annual accolade known equally the Edgar Accolade for distinguished work in the mystery genre.

Early on life

Plaque in Boston marker the approximate location of Poe's nativity

Edgar Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child of English-born extra Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins Poe and actor David Poe Jr. He had an elderberry brother named William Henry Leonard Poe and a younger sis named Rosalie Poe.^[v] Their grandfather, David Poe Sr., emigrated from County Cavan, Republic of ireland, around 1750.^[6] Edgar may have been named after a character in William Shakespeare'south Rex Lear, which the couple were performing in 1809.^[7] His begetter abandoned the family in 1810,^[8] and his mother died a yr later from consumption (pulmonary tuberculosis). Poe was then taken into the abode of John Allan, a successful merchant in Richmond, Virginia, who dealt in a variety of goods, including cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, and slaves.^[9] The Allans served every bit a foster family unit and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",^[ten] though they never formally adopted him.^[11]

The Allan family had Poe baptized into the Episcopal Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively disciplined his foster son.^[10] The family sailed to the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 1815, and Poe attended the grammer school for a short menstruation in Irvine, N Ayrshire, Scotland (where Allan was built-in) before rejoining the family in London in 1816. There he studied at a boarding schoolhouse in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was later entered at the Reverend John Bransby's Manor House School at Stoke Newington, then a suburb iv miles (6 km) north of London.^[12]

Poe moved with the Allans back to Richmond in 1820. In 1824, he served as the lieutenant of the Richmond youth honor guard as the city historic the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette.^[13] In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business distributor William Galt died, who was said to exist one of the wealthiest men in Richmond,^[xiv] leaving Allan several acres of existent estate. The inheritance was estimated at $750,000 (equivalent to $17,000,000 in 2020).^[15] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth by purchasing a two-story brick house chosen Moldavia.^[sixteen]

Poe may have go engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at the University of Virginia in February 1826 to study ancient and modern languages.^[17] ^[xviii] The university was in its infancy, established on the ideals of its founder Thomas Jefferson. Information technology had strict rules against gambling, horses, guns, tobacco, and booze, but these rules were mostly ignored. Jefferson had enacted a system of educatee self-government, allowing students to choose their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, and report all wrongdoing to the faculty. The unique system was nevertheless in anarchy, and at that place was a high dropout charge per unit.^[19] During his time at that place, Poe lost bear on with Royster and also became estranged from his foster male parent over gambling debts. He claimed that Allan had not given him sufficient money to register for classes, purchase texts, and procure and furnish a dormitory. Allan did ship additional money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased.^[xx] Poe gave upward on the university after a year but did not feel welcome returning to Richmond, especially when he learned that his sweetheart Royster had married another man, Alexander Shelton. He traveled to Boston in Apr 1827, sustaining himself with odd jobs as a clerk and paper author,^[21] and he started using the pseudonym Henri Le Rennet during this period.^[22]

Military career

Poe was unable to support himself, so he enlisted in the U.s. Army as a individual on May 27, 1827, using the name "Edgar A. Perry". He claimed that he was 22 years old even though he was eighteen.^[23] He first served at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor for 5 dollars a month.^[21] That same year, he released his starting time book, a 40-folio collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed with the byline "by a Bostonian". Only 50 copies were printed, and the book received virtually no attention.^[24] Poe's regiment was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina, and traveled past ship on the brig Waltham on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman who prepared shells for artillery, and had his monthly pay doubled.^[25] He served for two years and attained the rank of Sergeant Major for Artillery (the highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve); he then sought to end his v-twelvemonth enlistment early. Poe revealed his real name and his circumstances to his commanding officeholder, Lieutenant Howard, who would only allow Poe to exist discharged if he reconciled with Allan. Poe wrote a letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas; Allan may not have written to Poe even to make him aware of his foster mother'south disease. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829, and Poe visited the day after her burying. Perhaps softened past his married woman'southward decease, Allan agreed to support Poe'south try to exist discharged in order to receive an appointment to the United States Armed forces Academy at West Point, New York.^[26]

Poe was finally discharged on April xv, 1829, after securing a replacement to end his enlisted term for him.^[27] Before inbound West Point, he moved back to Baltimore for a time to stay with his widowed aunt Maria Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's offset cousin), his blood brother Henry, and his invalid grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe.^[28] In September of that year, Poe received "the very kickoff words of encouragement I ever remember to accept heard"^[29] in a review of his poesy by influential critic John Neal, prompting Poe to dedicate one of the poems to Neal^[xxx] in his second book Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems, published in Baltimore in 1829.^[31]

Poe traveled to West Point and matriculated as a cadet on July ane, 1830.^[32] In October 1830, Allan married his second wife Louisa Patterson.^[33] The marriage and bitter quarrels with Poe over the children born to Allan out of extramarital affairs led to the foster father finally disowning Poe.^[34] Poe decided to leave West Point by purposely getting court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for gross fail of duty and disobedience of orders for refusing to nourish formations, classes, or church. He tactically pleaded non guilty to induce dismissal, knowing that he would exist found guilty.^[35]

Poe left for New York in February 1831 and released a 3rd volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with assistance from his young man cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones that Poe had been writing nigh commanding officers.^[36] Information technology was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled every bit "2d Edition," and including a page saying, "To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated". The book once once more reprinted the long poems "Tamerlane" and "Al Aaraaf" just besides six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of "To Helen", "Israfel", and "The Urban center in the Bounding main".^[37] Poe returned to Baltimore to his aunt, blood brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elderberry brother Henry had been in ill health, in part due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.^[38]

Publishing career

After his brother's expiry, Poe began more hostage attempts to start his career equally a writer, only he chose a difficult time in American publishing to do and then.^[39] He was ane of the first Americans to alive by writing lonely^[2] ^[xl] and was hampered by the lack of an international copyright police.^[41] American publishers often produced unauthorized copies of British works rather than paying for new work by Americans.^[40] The industry was also peculiarly hurt past the Panic of 1837.^[42] There was a booming growth in American periodicals effectually this time, fueled in role by new engineering science, but many did non concluding across a few issues.^[43] Publishers oft refused to pay their writers or paid them much afterward than they promised,^[44] and Poe repeatedly resorted to humiliating pleas for money and other assistance.^[45]

Poe (age 26) obtained a license in 1835 to marry his cousin Virginia Clemm (age 13). They were married for 11 years until her death, which may have inspired some of his writing.

After his early attempts at poesy, Poe had turned his attention to prose, probable based on John Neal'southward critiques in The Yankee magazine.^[46] He placed a few stories with a Philadelphia publication and began piece of work on his merely drama Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him a prize in October 1833 for his short story "MS. Found in a Canteen".^[47] The story brought him to the attention of John P. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of considerable means who helped Poe place some of his stories and introduced him to Thomas Due west. White, editor of the Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond. Poe became assistant editor of the periodical in August 1835,^[48] but White discharged him within a few weeks for being drunk on the job.^[49] Poe returned to Baltimore where he obtained a license to marry his cousin Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown if they were married at that fourth dimension.^[l] He was 26 and she was 13.

Poe was reinstated past White afterward promising expert behavior, and he went back to Richmond with Virginia and her mother. He remained at the Messenger until January 1837. During this menses, Poe claimed that its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.^[v] He published several poems, book reviews, critiques, and stories in the newspaper. On May 16, 1836, he and Virginia held a Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed past Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house, with a witness falsely attesting Clemm's historic period as 21.^[l] ^[51]

Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published and widely reviewed in 1838.^[52] In the summer of 1839, Poe became assistant editor of Burton'south Gentleman'due south Magazine. He published numerous articles, stories, and reviews, enhancing his reputation equally a trenchant critic which he had established at the Messenger. Likewise in 1839, the drove Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in ii volumes, though he made niggling coin from it and it received mixed reviews.^[53]

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus announcing his intentions to starting time his own journal chosen The Stylus,^[54] although he originally intended to phone call it The Penn, every bit it would accept been based in Philadelphia. He bought advertising space for his prospectus in the June half dozen, 1840 event of Philadelphia'due south Sabbatum Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Magazine, a Monthly Literary journal to be edited and published in the city of Philadelphia by Edgar A. Poe." ^[55] The journal was never produced before Poe's expiry.

Poe left Burton's after about a year and found a position as writer and co-editor at the then-very-successful monthly Graham's Magazine.^[56] In the last number of Graham's for 1841, Poe was amidst the co-signatories to an editorial note of celebration of the tremendous success that mag had achieved in the by twelvemonth: "Perchance the editors of no mag, either in America or in Europe, ever sat down, at the shut of a year, to contemplate the progress of their work with more than satisfaction than we practise now. Our success has been unexampled, almost incredible. We may assert without fearfulness of contradiction that no journal ever witnessed the same increase during then short a menstruum."^[57]

Around this time, Poe attempted to secure a position within the administration of President John Tyler, claiming that he was a fellow member of the Whig Party.^[58] He hoped to exist appointed to the U.s. Custom House in Philadelphia with help from President Tyler's son Robert,^[59] an acquaintance of Poe's friend Frederick Thomas.^[60] Poe failed to show up for a coming together with Thomas to discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, challenge to have been sick, though Thomas believed that he had been drunk.^[61] Poe was promised an appointment, just all positions were filled by others.^[62]

1 evening in Jan 1842, Virginia showed the first signs of consumption, now known as tuberculosis, while singing and playing the piano, which Poe described as breaking a blood vessel in her throat.^[63] She only partially recovered, and Poe began to drink more heavily under the stress of her disease. He left Graham's and attempted to find a new position, for a time angling for a authorities postal service. He returned to New York where he worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor of the Broadway Journal, and later its owner.^[64] There Poe alienated himself from other writers past publicly accusing Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiarism, though Longfellow never responded.^[65] On January 29, 1845, his poem "The Raven" appeared in the Evening Mirror and became a pop sensation. It made Poe a household name almost instantly,^[66] though he was paid only $nine for its publication.^[67] Information technology was concurrently published in The American Review: A Whig Journal nether the pseudonym "Quarles".^[68]

The Broadway Periodical failed in 1846,^[64] and Poe moved to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in what is now the Bronx. That dwelling is at present known equally the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage, relocated to a park well-nigh the southeast corner of the Grand Concourse and Kingsbridge Route. Nearby, Poe befriended the Jesuits at St. John'south College, now Fordham University.^[69] Virginia died at the cottage on January 30, 1847.^[70] Biographers and critics frequently suggest that Poe'south frequent theme of the "death of a beautiful adult female" stems from the repeated loss of women throughout his life, including his married woman.^[71]

Poe was increasingly unstable after his married woman's death. He attempted to court poet Sarah Helen Whitman who lived in Providence, Rhode Island. Their date failed, purportedly considering of Poe'due south drinking and erratic behavior. There is also strong bear witness that Whitman's female parent intervened and did much to derail their relationship.^[72] Poe then returned to Richmond and resumed a relationship with his babyhood sweetheart Sarah Elmira Royster.^[73]

Death

On October three, 1849, Poe was found delirious on the streets of Baltimore, "in keen distress, and... in need of immediate aid", co-ordinate to Joseph Westward. Walker, who found him.^[74] He was taken to the Washington Medical College, where he died on Sunday, October seven, 1849, at 5:00 in the forenoon.^[75] Poe was not coherent long enough to explain how he came to be in his dire condition and was wearing clothes that were not his own. He is said to accept repeatedly called out the proper noun "Reynolds" on the night before his death, though it is unclear to whom he was referring. Some sources say that Poe's final words were, "Lord assistance my poor soul".^[75] All medical records take been lost, including Poe's decease certificate.^[76]

Newspapers at the time reported Poe'southward death every bit "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism.^[77] The bodily crusade of expiry remains a mystery.^[78] Speculation has included delirium tremens, middle disease, epilepsy, syphilis, meningeal inflammation,^[4] cholera,^[79] carbon monoxide poisoning,^[80] and rabies.^[81] Ane theory dating from 1872 suggests that cooping was the cause of Poe'due south decease, a form of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to vote for a particular candidate, sometimes leading to violence and even murder.^[82]

Griswold's "Memoir"

Immediately after Poe'due south expiry, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold wrote a slanted loftier-profile obituary nether a pseudonym, filled with falsehoods that bandage him as a lunatic and a madman, and which described him as a person who "walked the streets, in madness or melancholy, with lips moving in indistinct curses, or with eyes upturned in passionate prayers, (never for himself, for he felt, or professed to experience, that he was already damned)".^[83]

The long obituary appeared in the New York Tribune signed "Ludwig" on the day that Poe was buried. Information technology was soon further published throughout the land. The piece began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. He died in Baltimore the day before yesterday. This announcement will startle many, simply few volition be grieved by information technology."^[84] "Ludwig" was before long identified every bit Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a grudge against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe'south literary executor and attempted to destroy his enemy's reputation later on his death.^[85]

Griswold wrote a biographical article of Poe called "Memoir of the Author", which he included in an 1850 book of the nerveless works. There he depicted Poe as a depraved, drunken, drug-addled madman and included Poe'due south messages as evidence.^[85] Many of his claims were either lies or distortions; for example, it is seriously disputed that Poe was a drug addict.^[86] Griswold'southward book was denounced by those who knew Poe well,^[87] including John Neal, who published an article defending Poe and attacking Griswold as a "Rhadamanthus, who is non to be bilked of his fee, a thimble-total of newspaper notoriety".^[88] Griswold'due south volume notwithstanding became a popularly accepted biographical source. This was in role because it was the only total biography available and was widely reprinted, and in part considering readers thrilled at the thought of reading works past an "evil" man.^[89] Letters that Griswold presented as proof were later revealed equally forgeries.^[90]

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe's best known fiction works are Gothic,^[91] adhering to the genre's conventions to appeal to the public taste.^[92] His most recurring themes bargain with questions of death, including its physical signs, the furnishings of decomposition, concerns of premature burial, the reanimation of the dead, and mourning.^[93] Many of his works are generally considered part of the dark romanticism genre, a literary reaction to transcendentalism^[94] which Poe strongly disliked.^[95] He referred to followers of the transcendental movement as "Frog-Pondians", after the swimming on Boston Common,^[96] ^[97] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad,"^[98] lapsing into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism'south sake".^[95] Poe one time wrote in a alphabetic character to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did not dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".^[99]

Across horror, Poe as well wrote satires, humor tales, and hoaxes. For comic consequence, he used irony and ludicrous extravagance, often in an attempt to liberate the reader from cultural conformity.^[92] "Metzengerstein" is the start story that Poe is known to accept published^[100] and his first foray into horror, but it was originally intended as a burlesque satirizing the popular genre.^[101] Poe besides reinvented scientific discipline fiction, responding in his writing to emerging technologies such as hot air balloons in "The Balloon-Hoax".^[102]

Poe wrote much of his piece of work using themes aimed specifically at mass-market tastes.^[103] To that end, his fiction often included elements of popular pseudosciences, such every bit phrenology^[104] and physiognomy.^[105]

Literary theory

Poe'south writing reflects his literary theories, which he presented in his criticism and also in essays such as "The Poetic Principle".^[106] He disliked didacticism^[107] and allegory,^[108] though he believed that meaning in literature should be an undercurrent only below the surface. Works with obvious meanings, he wrote, finish to be art.^[109] He believed that work of quality should be brief and focus on a specific single effect.^[106] To that end, he believed that the writer should advisedly summate every sentiment and idea.^[110]

Poe describes his method in writing "The Raven" in the essay "The Philosophy of Composition", and he claims to have strictly followed this method. It has been questioned whether he actually followed this system, however. T. South. Eliot said: "It is difficult for united states to read that essay without reflecting that if Poe plotted out his verse form with such adding, he might have taken a little more pains over it: the outcome hardly does credit to the method."^[111] Biographer Joseph Woods Krutch described the essay as "a rather highly ingenious exercise in the fine art of rationalization".^[112]

Legacy

Influence

During his lifetime, Poe was more often than not recognized every bit a literary critic. Swain critic James Russell Lowell chosen him "the most discriminating, philosophical, and fearless critic upon imaginative works who has written in America", suggesting—rhetorically—that he occasionally used prussic acid instead of ink.^[113] Poe'south caustic reviews earned him the reputation of beingness a "tomahawk human being".^[114] A favorite target of Poe'due south criticism was Boston'due south acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, who was ofttimes dedicated by his literary friends in what was afterward called "The Longfellow War". Poe accused Longfellow of "the heresy of the didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.^[115] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of poesy would reject, concluding, "Nosotros grant him loftier qualities, just deny him the Hereafter".^[116]

Poe was also known as a writer of fiction and became one of the first American authors of the 19th century to become more than popular in Europe than in the The states.^[117] Poe is particularly respected in France, in part due to early translations by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions of Poe's piece of work in Continental Europe.^[118]

Poe'due south early on detective fiction tales featuring C. Auguste Dupin laid the groundwork for future detectives in literature. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe'southward detective stories] is a root from which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the jiff of life into it?"^[119] The Mystery Writers of America have named their awards for excellence in the genre the "Edgars".^[120] Poe'southward work also influenced science fiction, notably Jules Verne, who wrote a sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Antarctic Mystery, also known equally The Sphinx of the Water ice Fields.^[121] Science fiction author H. Yard. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent heed could imagine about the southward polar region a century agone".^[122] In 2013, The Guardian cited Pym equally one of the greatest novels ever written in the English linguistic communication, and noted its influence on later on authors such equally Doyle, Henry James, B. Traven, and David Morrell.^[123]

Horror author and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an entire section of his long essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", to his influence on the genre. In his messages, Lovecraft stated, "When I write stories, Edgar Allan Poe is my model."^[124] Alfred Hitchcock once said, "It'due south because I liked Edgar Allan Poe'due south stories so much that I began to make suspense films".^[125]

Like many famous artists, Poe'south works have spawned imitators.^[126] Ane trend among imitators of Poe has been claims by clairvoyants or psychics to exist "channeling" poems from Poe's spirit. One of the most notable of these was Lizzie Doten, who published Poems from the Inner Life in 1863, in which she claimed to accept "received" new compositions by Poe's spirit. The compositions were re-workings of famous Poe poems such as "The Bells", but which reflected a new, positive outlook.^[127]

Poe, in a modern retouched version of the "Ultima Thule" daguerreotype

Even so, Poe has besides received criticism. This is partly because of the negative perception of his personal character and its influence upon his reputation.^[117] William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe and in one case chosen him "vulgar".^[128] Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted to "The Raven" past saying, "I see nothing in it",^[129] and derisively referred to Poe every bit "the jingle human being".^[130] Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe'due south writing "falls into vulgarity" past being "likewise poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a diamond ring on every finger.^[131]

It is believed that only twelve copies accept survived of Poe'due south first book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one re-create sold at Christie'due south auctioneers in New York City for $662,500, a record price paid for a work of American literature.^[132]

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory that presaged the Large Blindside theory by lxxx years,^[133] ^[134] as well as the get-go plausible solution to Olbers' paradox.^[135] ^[136] Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from pure intuition.^[137] For this reason, he considered it a work of art, not science,^[137] just insisted that it was however truthful^[138] and considered it to be his career masterpiece.^[139] Even then, Eureka is full of scientific errors. In item, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding the density and rotation of planets.^[140]

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest in cryptography. He had placed a observe of his abilities in the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Weekly (Limited) Messenger, inviting submissions of ciphers which he proceeded to solve.^[141] In July 1841, Poe had published an essay chosen "A Few Words on Hole-and-corner Writing" in Graham'due south Mag. Capitalizing on public interest in the topic, he wrote "The Gold-Issues" incorporating ciphers every bit an essential part of the story.^[142] Poe'south success with cryptography relied not and then much on his deep noesis of that field (his method was limited to the unproblematic substitution cryptogram) as on his knowledge of the magazine and paper culture. His slap-up analytical abilities, which were and then evident in his detective stories, allowed him to run across that the full general public was largely ignorant of the methods by which a simple substitution cryptogram tin can be solved, and he used this to his advantage.^[141] The sensation that Poe created with his cryptography stunts played a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.^[143]

Two ciphers he published in 1841 nether the name "Westward. B. Tyler" were non solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. Ane was a quote from Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other is probably based on a poem past Hester Thrale.^[144] ^[145]

Poe had an influence on cryptography beyond increasing public interest during his lifetime. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptologist, was heavily influenced past Poe.^[146] Friedman's initial interest in cryptography came from reading "The Aureate-Problems" as a kid, an interest that he later put to use in deciphering Japan's Regal code during World War II.^[147]

In popular civilization

As a character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized graphic symbol, often representing the "mad genius" or "tormented creative person" and exploiting his personal struggles.^[148] Many such depictions also blend in with characters from his stories, suggesting that Poe and his characters share identities.^[149] Often, fictional depictions of Poe use his mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow by Matthew Pearl.^[150]

Preserved homes, landmarks, and museums

No childhood home of Poe is notwithstanding standing, including the Allan family's Moldavia manor. The oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone Business firm, is in utilise every bit the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poe never lived there. The collection includes many items that Poe used during his time with the Allan family unit, and also features several rare first printings of Poe works. xiii Westward Range is the dorm room that Poe is believed to have used while studying at the Academy of Virginia in 1826; it is preserved and available for visits. Its upkeep is now overseen by a group of students and staff known equally the Raven Social club.^[151]

The earliest surviving habitation in which Poe lived is in Baltimore, preserved every bit the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to take lived in the home at the age of 23 when he first lived with Maria Clemm and Virginia (too as his grandmother and mayhap his brother William Henry Leonard Poe).^[152] It is open to the public and is also the dwelling of the Edgar Allan Poe Lodge. Of the several homes that Poe, his wife Virginia, and his mother in law Maria rented in Philadelphia, only the final house has survived. The Spring Garden domicile, where the author lived in 1843–1844, is today preserved by the National Park Service as the Edgar Allan Poe National Celebrated Site.^[153] Poe's concluding home is preserved every bit the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage in the Bronx.^[70]

In Boston, a commemorative plaque on Boylston Street is several blocks away from the actual location of Poe's nascence.^[154] ^[155] ^[156] ^[157] The house which was his birthplace at 62 Carver Street no longer exists; also, the street has since been renamed "Charles Street Southward".^[158] ^[157] A "square" at the intersection of Broadway, Fayette, and Carver Streets had in one case been named in his honour,^[159] merely information technology disappeared when the streets were rearranged. In 2009, the intersection of Charles and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".^[160]

In March 2014, fundraising was completed for construction of a permanent memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at this location. The winning design by Stefanie Rocknak depicts a life-sized Poe striding against the air current, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has fallen open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded in the sidewalk behind him.^[161] ^[162] ^[163] The public unveiling on October five, 2014, was attended by sometime U.S. poet laureate Robert Pinsky.^[164]

Other Poe landmarks include a building on the Upper West Side where Poe temporarily lived when he kickoff moved to New York. A plaque suggests that Poe wrote "The Raven" hither. On Sullivan'due south Isle in Charleston, South Carolina, the setting of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Poe served in the Army in 1827 at Fort Moultrie, there is a restaurant chosen Poe's Tavern. In Fell'southward Signal, Baltimore, a bar all the same stands where legend says that Poe was last seen drinking before his decease. Now known every bit "The Horse Yous Came in On", local lore insists that a ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.^[165]

Photographs

Early daguerreotypes of Poe go on to arouse bully involvement among literary historians.^[166] Notable among them are:

"Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to honor the new photographic technique; taken in Nov 1848 in Providence, Rhode Island, probably by Edwin H. Manchester
"Annie", given to Poe'south friend Annie Fifty. Richmond; probably taken in June 1849 in Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Between 1949 and 2009, a bottle of cognac and three roses were left at Poe's original grave marker every January 19 by an unknown visitor affectionately referred to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian at the Westminster Church building in Baltimore where Poe is buried, and he claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started the tradition in 1949. Porpora said that the tradition began in order to raise money and enhance the profile of the church. His story has non been confirmed,^[167] and some details which he gave to the printing are factually inaccurate.^[168] The Poe Toaster's last advent was on Jan nineteen, 2009, the day of Poe's bicentennial.^[169]

Listing of selected works

Curt stories

"The Black Cat"
"The Cask of Amontillado"
"A Descent into the Maelström"
"The Facts in the Example of One thousand. Valdemar"
"The Fall of the Business firm of Conductor"
"The Gilt-Bug"
"Hop-Frog"
"The Imp of the Perverse"
"Ligeia"
"The Masque of the Scarlet Decease"
"Morella"
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue"
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head"
"The Oval Portrait"
"The Pit and the Pendulum"
"The Premature Burying"
"The Purloined Alphabetic character"
"The Organisation of Md Tarr and Professor Fether"
"The Tell-Tale Eye"
"Loss of Jiff"

Verse

"Al Aaraaf"
"Annabel Lee"
"The Bells"
"The City in the Body of water"
"The Conqueror Worm"
"A Dream Inside a Dream"
"Eldorado"
"Eulalie"
"The Haunted Palace"
"To Helen"
"Lenore"
"Tamerlane"
"The Raven"
"Ulalume"

Other works

Politian (1835) – Poe'southward only play
The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) – Poe's only complete novel
The Periodical of Julius Rodman (1840) – Poe's 2d, unfinished novel
"The Airship-Hoax" (1844) – A journalistic hoax printed every bit a truthful story
"The Philosophy of Composition" (1846) – Essay
Eureka: A Prose Poem (1848) – Essay
"The Poetic Principle" (1848) – Essay
"The Low-cal-House" (1849) – Poe'south last, incomplete work

Run into also

Edgar Allan Poe and music
Edgar Allan Poe in boob tube and film
Edgar Allan Poe in popular culture
List of coupled cousins
USS E.A. Poe (Nine-103)

References

Citations

^ Stableford 2003, pp. 18–19.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 138
^ Semtner, Christopher P. (2012). Edgar Allan Poe's Richmond : the Raven in the River City. Charleston [SC]: History Printing. p. 15. ISBN978-1-60949-607-4. OCLC 779472206.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 256
^ ^a ^b Allen 1927
^ Quinn 1998, p. 13.
^ Nelson 1981, p. 65.
^ Canada 1997.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 8.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 9
^ Quinn 1998, p. 61.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 16–18.
^ PoeMuseum.org 2006.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 20.
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Cost Index for Utilize as a Deflator of Coin Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antique Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Alphabetize for Use as a Deflator of Coin Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antique Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Banking company of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Alphabetize (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved January 1, 2020.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 27–28.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 29–30.
^ Academy of Virginia. A Catalogue of the Officers and Students of the University of Virginia. Second Session, Commencing February 1st, 1826. Charlottesville, VA: Relate Steam Volume Press House, 1880, p. ten
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 21–22.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 32–34.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 32
^ Silverman 1991, p. 41.
^ Cornelius 2002, p. 13.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 33–34.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 35.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 43–47.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 38.
^ Cornelius 2002, pp. 13–14.
^ Sears 1978, p. 114, quoting a letter from Poe to Neal.
^ Lease 1972, p. 130.
^ Sova 2001, p. 5.
^ Krutch 1926, p. 32.
^ Cornelius 2002, p. 14.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 54–55.
^ Hecker 2005, pp. 49–51.
^ Meyers 1992, pp. 50–51.
^ Hecker 2005, pp. 53–54.
^ Quinn 1998, pp. 187–188.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 64.
^ ^a ^b Quinn 1998, p. 305
^ Silverman 1991, p. 247.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 74.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 99.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 82.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 139.
^ Lease 1972, p. 132.
^ Sova 2001, p. 162.
^ Sova 2001, p. 225.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 73.
^ ^a ^b Silverman 1991, p. 124
^ Meyers 1992, p. 85.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 137.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 113.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 119.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 159.
^ Sova 2001, pp. 39, 99.
^ Graham, George; Embury, Due east.; Peterson, Charles; Stephens, A.; Poe, Edgar (December 1841). "The Closing Year". Graham's Magazine. Philadelphia, PA: George R. Graham. Retrieved December 2, 2020. We began the year almost unknown; certainly far behind our contemporaries in numbers; we close it with a listing of twenty-v grand subscribers, and the assurance on every mitt that our popularity has as yet seen simply its dawning. (See page 308 of .pdf)
^ Quinn 1998, pp. 321–322.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 186.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 144.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 187.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 188.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 179.
^ ^a ^b Sova 2001, p. 34
^ Quinn 1998, p. 455.
^ Hoffman 1998, p. fourscore.
^ Ostrom 1987, p. five.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 530.
^ Schroth, Raymond A. Fordham: A History and Memoir. New York: Fordham University Press, 2008: 22–25.
^ ^a ^b BronxHistoricalSociety.org 2007
^ Weekes 2002, p. 149.
^ Benton 1987, p. 19.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 628.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 638.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 255
^ Bramsback 1970, p. 40.
^ Silverman 1991, pp. 435–436.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 435.
^ CrimeLibrary.com 2008.
^ Geiling, Natasha. "The (Still) Mysterious Death of Edgar Allan Poe". Smithsonian Mag . Retrieved May 3, 2021.
^ Benitez 1996.
^ Walsh 2000, pp. 32–33.
^ Van Luling, Todd (Jan 19, 2017). "A Vengeful Arch-Nemesis Taught Y'all Fake News About Edgar Allan Poe". Huffington Mail . Retrieved July 23, 2019.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 259: To read Griswold's full obituary, see Edgar Allan Poe obituary at Wikisource.
^ ^a ^b Hoffman 1998, p. 14
^ Quinn 1998, p. 693.
^ Sova 2001, p. 101.
^ Lease 1972, p. 194, quoting Neal.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 263.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 699.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 64.
^ ^a ^b Royot 2002, p. 57
^ Kennedy 1987, p. 3.
^ Koster 2002, p. 336.
^ ^a ^b Ljunquist 2002, p. 15
^ Royot 2002, pp. 61–62.
^ "(Introduction)" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library). The Raven in the Frog Pond: Edgar Allan Poe and the City of Boston. The Trustees of Boston College. March 31, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
^ Hayes 2002, p. 16.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 169.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 88.
^ Fisher 1993, pp. 142, 149.
^ Tresch 2002, p. 114.
^ Whalen 2001, p. 67.
^ Hungerford 1930, pp. 209–231.
^ Grayson 2005, pp. 56–77.
^ ^a ^b Krutch 1926, p. 225
^ Kagle 1990, p. 104.
^ Poe 1847, pp. 252–256.
^ Wilbur 1967, p. 99.
^ Jannaccone 1974, p. iii.
^ Hoffman 1998, p. 76.
^ Krutch 1926, p. 98.
^ Quinn 1998, p. 432.
^ Zimmerman, Brett (2005). Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Academy Press. pp. 85–87. ISBN978-0-7735-2899-4.
^ Lewis, Paul (March half-dozen, 2011). "Quoth the detective: Edgar Allan Poe's instance against the Boston literati". boston.com. Globe Paper Visitor. Archived from the original on June three, 2013. Retrieved Apr nine, 2013.
^ "Longfellow's Serenity and Poe'south Prediction" (Exhibition at Boston Public Library and Massachusetts Historical Society). Forgotten Capacity of Boston'southward Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July thirty, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 258
^ Harner 1990, p. 218.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 103.
^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 206.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 364.
^ Frank & Magistrale 1997, p. 372.
^ McCrum, Robert (November 23, 2013). "The 100 all-time novels: No x – The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by Edgar Allan Poe (1838)". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved August viii, 2016.
^ "H.P. Lovecraft'south Favorite Authors". world wide web.hplovecraft.com . Retrieved Dec 3, 2019.
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^ Meyers 1992, p. 281.
^ Carlson 1996, p. 476.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 274.
^ Silverman 1991, p. 265.
^ New York Times 1894.
^ Huxley 1967, p. 32.
^ New York Daily News 2009.
^ Cappi 1994.
^ Rombeck 2005.
^ Harrison 1987.
^ Smoot & Davidson 1994.
^ ^a ^b Meyers 1992, p. 214
^ Silverman 1991, p. 399.
^ Meyers 1992, p. 219.
^ Sova 2001, p. 82.
^ ^a ^b Silverman 1991, p. 152
^ Rosenheim 1997, pp. 2, vi.
^ Friedman 1993, pp. 40–41.
^ "Though some wondered whether Poe wrote the source text, I find that it previously appeared in the Baltimore Sun of July 4, 1840; and that information technology was in plough based on a widely reprinted verse form ("Nuptial Repartee") that first appeared in the June 21, 1813, Morning Herald of London. A manuscript in the manus of Hester Thrale (i.e., Hester Lynch Piozzi) in Harvard'southward library hints that she may be the truthful writer." From Edgar Allan Poe: The Fever Called Living by Paul Collins. Boston: New Harvest/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2014: p. 111.
^ Donn, Jeff. "Poe'southward puzzle decoded, but meaning is mystery". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved June ii, 2020.
^ Rosenheim 1997, p. xv.
^ Rosenheim 1997, p. 146.
^ Neimeyer 2002, p. 209.
^ Gargano 1967, p. 165.
^ Maslin 2006.
^ The Raven Gild 2014.
^ Edgar Allan Poe Society 2007.
^ Burns 2006.
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^ Van Hoy 2007.
^ ^a ^b Glenn 2007
^ "An Interactive Map of Literary Boston: 1794–1862" (Exhibition). Forgotten Capacity of Boston'southward Literary History. The Trustees of Boston College. July 30, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
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External links

This audio file was created from a revision of this commodity dated 22 Nov 2008 (2008-11-22), and does non reverberate subsequent edits.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe